The trip was not complete without bad US history which was at Captain Jacks Stronghold. The area is an uprising of lava rocks that was easily defended by the native Modoc tribe of about 160 men, women and children against over 600 US Calvery for about four months. The Modoc were forced off their ancestral lands and relocated to live in Oregon with the Klamath tribe that they did not get along with. Part of the younger generation decided they were moving back to their homeland and were in a remote area, but the government wanted all natives in confined areas. They were eventually forced to surrender and moved back to the reservation. People have erected a medicine pole at the top of the outcropping in reverence to the natives with offerings of clothing, jewelry, flowers etc. The bonus to this monument is that it is right next to a wildlife preserve that is teeming with birds big and small. I saw a bald eagle, pheasant, blue heron, white egret, red winged black birds, a pelican, tons of ducks and lots I could not identify. I also spotted pikas, chipmunks, rabbit and two pronghorn.